Ubushyuhe bugira ingaruka kumashanyarazi nubushyuhe?

Amashanyaraziimyitwarireyihagarara nka aibipimo fatizomuri fiziki, chimie, nubuhanga bugezweho, bifite ingaruka zikomeye murwego rwimirima,kuva mubikorwa byinshi cyane kugeza kuri ultra-precision microelectronics. Akamaro kayo gakomeye kava muburyo butaziguye kumikorere, imikorere, no kwizerwa bya sisitemu zitabarika z'amashanyarazi nubushyuhe.

Iyi disikuru irambuye ikora nk'ubuyobozi bwuzuye bwo gusobanukirwa isano iri hagatiamashanyarazi (σ), amashanyarazi(κ), n'ubushyuhe (T). Byongeye kandi, tuzasesengura gahunda yimyitwarire yimyitwarire yibyiciro bitandukanye, uhereye kumashanyarazi asanzwe kugeza kumashanyarazi yihariye hamwe na insulator, nka feza, zahabu, umuringa, ibyuma, ibisubizo, na reberi, bikuraho itandukaniro riri hagati yubumenyi bwa tewolojiya hamwe n’inganda zikoreshwa mu nganda.

Numara kurangiza iki gisomwa, uzaba ufite ibikoresho byumvikana, byuzuyeByaiisano y'ubushyuhe, ubwikorezi, n'ubushyuhe.

Imbonerahamwe y'ibirimo:

1. Ubushyuhe bugira ingaruka kumashanyarazi?

2. Ubushyuhe bwaba bugira ingaruka kumashanyarazi?

3. Isano iri hagati yumuriro wamashanyarazi nubushyuhe

4. Imyitwarire vs chloride: itandukaniro ryingenzi

I. Ubushyuhe bugira ingaruka kumashanyarazi?

Ikibazo, “Ese ubushyuhe bugira ingaruka ku mikorere?” isubizwa neza: Yego.Ubushyuhe bugira uruhare rukomeye, rushingiye kubintu haba mumashanyarazi nubushyuhe.Mubikorwa byubwubatsi bukomeye kuva mumashanyarazi kugeza kumikorere ya sensor, ubushyuhe nubusabane bigena imikorere yibigize, imikorere myiza, numutekano wibikorwa.

Nigute ubushyuhe bugira ingaruka kumikorere?

Ubushyuhe buhindura imikorere muguhinduraburya byoroshyekwishyuza abatwara, nka electron cyangwa ion, cyangwa ubushyuhe bugenda mubintu. Ingaruka ziratandukanye kuri buri bwoko bwibikoresho. Dore neza uko ikora, nkuko byasobanuwe neza:

1.Ibyuma: ubwikorezi bugabanuka hamwe nubushyuhe bwiyongera

Ibyuma byose bitwara hakoreshejwe electroni yubusa itemba byoroshye mubushyuhe busanzwe. Iyo ashyushye, atome yicyuma iranyeganyega cyane. Uku kunyeganyega gukora nkimbogamizi, gusasa electron no gutinda kugenda.

By'umwihariko, amashanyarazi n'amashanyarazi bigabanuka gahoro gahoro uko ubushyuhe buzamuka. Hafi yubushyuhe bwicyumba, ubwikorezi busanzwe bugwa~ 0.4% kuri 1 ° C kuzamuka.Ibinyuranye,iyo kwiyongera kwa 80 ° C bibaye,ibyuma biratakaza25-30%y'umwimerere wabo.

Iri hame rikoreshwa cyane mugutunganya inganda, kurugero, ibidukikije bishyushye bigabanya ubushobozi bwubu muri wiring no kugabanuka kwubushyuhe muri sisitemu yo gukonjesha.

2. Muri Semiconductor: ubwiyongere bwiyongera hamwe nubushyuhe

Amashanyarazi atangirana na electron zifatanije neza muburyo bwibikoresho. Ku bushyuhe buke, bake barashobora kwimuka kugirango batware amashanyarazi.Mugihe ubushyuhe buzamutse, ubushyuhe butanga electron imbaraga zihagije zo guca ubusa no gutemba. Iyo bishyushye, niko abatwara ibicuruzwa byinshi baboneka,kuzamura cyane.

Mu magambo yimbitse, conductivity izamuka cyane, ikubye kabiri buri 10-15 ° C murwego rusanzwe.Ibi bifasha gukora mubushyuhe buringaniye ariko birashobora gutera ibibazo niba bishyushye cyane (kumeneka birenze), kurugero, mudasobwa irashobora guhanuka mugihe chip yubatswe hamwe na semiconductor yashyutswe ubushyuhe bwinshi.

3. Muri Electrolytes (Liquids cyangwa Gels muri Batteri): ubwikorezi butera imbere hamwe nubushyuhe

Abantu bamwe bibaza uburyo ubushyuhe bugira ingaruka kumashanyarazi, kandi dore iki gice. Electrolytes itwara ion zinyura mubisubizo, mugihe ubukonje butuma amazi aba umubyimba kandi atinda, bikavamo kugenda gahoro ion. Hamwe n'ubushyuhe buzamuka, amazi agenda agabanuka cyane, ion rero ikwirakwira vuba kandi igatwara amafaranga neza.

Muri byose, ubwikorezi bwiyongera kuri 2-33 kuri 1 ° C mugihe ibintu byose bigenda byegereza. Iyo ubushyuhe buzamutse hejuru ya 40 ° C, ubwikorezi bugabanuka ~ 30%.

Urashobora kuvumbura iri hame kwisi, nka sisitemu nka bateri zishyushya vuba mubushyuhe, ariko ingaruka zishobora kwangirika iyo zishyushye cyane.

II. Ubushuhe bugira ingaruka kumashanyarazi?

Ubushuhe bwumuriro, igipimo cyukuntu ubushyuhe bworoshye kunyura mubintu, mubisanzwe bigabanuka uko ubushyuhe buzamuka mubintu byinshi, nubwo imyitwarire iratandukanye ukurikije imiterere yibikoresho n'ubushyuhe butwarwa.

Mu byuma, ubushyuhe butemba cyane binyuze muri electroni yubusa. Mugihe ubushyuhe bwiyongera, atome zinyeganyega cyane, zikwirakwiza electron no guhagarika inzira yazo, ibyo bigabanya ubushobozi bwibikoresho byo kohereza ubushyuhe neza.

Muri kristu ya kristu, ubushyuhe bugenda binyuze muri vibrasiya ya atome izwi nka fononi. Ubushyuhe bwo hejuru butera uku kunyeganyega kwiyongera, biganisha ku kugongana kenshi hagati ya atome no kugabanuka kugaragara kwumuriro.

Muri gaze, ariko, ikinyuranyo kibaho. Mugihe ubushyuhe buzamutse, molekile zigenda vuba kandi zigahura kenshi, zihererekanya ingufu hagati yo kugongana neza; kubwibyo, ubushyuhe bwumuriro buriyongera.

Muri polymers na fluide, gutera imbere gato birasanzwe hamwe no kuzamuka kwubushyuhe. Ibihe bishyushye bituma iminyururu ya molekile igenda yisanzuye kandi ikagabanya ubukonje, bigatuma ubushyuhe bworoshye kunyura mubintu.

III. Isano iri hagati yumuriro wamashanyarazi nubushyuhe

Haba hari isano hagati yumuriro wumuriro nu mashanyarazi? Urashobora kwibaza kuri iki kibazo. Mubyukuri, hariho isano rikomeye hagati yumuriro wamashanyarazi nubushyuhe, nyamara iyi sano irumvikana gusa kubwoko bwibikoresho, nkibyuma.

1. Isano rikomeye hagati yumuriro wamashanyarazi nubushyuhe

Kubyuma bisukuye (nkumuringa, ifeza, na zahabu), itegeko ryoroshye rirakurikizwa:Niba ibikoresho ari byiza cyane kuyobora amashanyarazi, nibyiza cyane mugukoresha ubushyuhe.Iri hame rigenda rishingiye kubintu byo kugabana electron.

Mu byuma, amashanyarazi nubushyuhe bitwarwa cyane cyane nuduce tumwe: electroni yubusa. Niyo mpanvu amashanyarazi menshi atwara amashanyarazi menshi mubihe bimwe.

Kuriiamashanyarazigutemba,iyo voltage ikoreshejwe, electroni yubusa igenda mucyerekezo kimwe, itwaye amashanyarazi.

Iyo bigezeiubushyuhegutemba, impera imwe yicyuma irashyushye indi irakonje, kandi izo electroni imwe yubusa igenda yihuta mukarere gashyushye ikagwa muri electroni gahoro, ikohereza vuba ingufu (ubushyuhe) mukarere gakonje.

Ubu buryo busangiwe bivuze ko niba icyuma gifite electron nyinshi zigendanwa cyane (kikaba kiyobora amashanyarazi meza cyane), izo electron nazo zikora nk "gutwara ibintu neza", bisobanurwa muburyo busanzwe naiWiedemann-FranzAmategeko.

2. Isano ridakomeye hagati yumuriro wamashanyarazi nubushyuhe

Isano iri hagati yumuriro nubushyuhe bwumuriro bigabanuka mubikoresho aho ubushyuhe nubushyuhe bitwarwa nuburyo butandukanye.

IV. Imyitwarire vs chloride: itandukaniro ryingenzi

Mugihe amashanyarazi yombi hamwe na chloride yibanze nibintu byingenzi muriisesengura ry’amazi, bapima ibintu bitandukanye.

Imyitwarire

Imyitwarire ni igipimo cyubushobozi bwo gukemura amashanyarazi. I.tigiteranyo cyuzuye cya ion zose zashonzemumazi, arimo ion zashizwemo neza (cations) hamwe na ion zishizwemo nabi (anion).

Iyoni zose, nka chloride (Cl^-), sodium (Na⁺), calcium (Ca.²⁺), bicarbonate, na sulfate, bigira uruhare mu mikorere yuzuye mbyoroshye muri microSiemens kuri santimetero (µS / cm) cyangwa milliSiemens kuri santimetero (mS / cm).

Imyitwarire ni ikintu cyihuse, rusangeByaIgiteranyoKumeneka(TDS) hamwe muri rusange amazi meza cyangwa umunyu.

 Kwibanda kwa Chloride (Cl^-)

Kwibanda kwa Chloride ni igipimo cyihariye cya anion ya chloride iboneka mugisubizo.Ipimamisa ya ion ya chloride gusa(Cl^-) ihari, akenshi ikomoka ku munyu nka sodium chloride (NaCl) cyangwa calcium chloride (CaCl)₂).

Iki gipimo gikozwe hakoreshejwe uburyo bwihariye nka titre (urugero, uburyo bwa Argentometricique) cyangwa ion-ihitamo electrode (ISEs)muri miligarama kuri litiro (mg / L) cyangwa ibice kuri miliyoni (ppm).

Urwego rwa Chloride ni ingenzi mu gusuzuma ibishobora kwangirika muri sisitemu y'inganda (nk'ibyuma cyangwa iminara ikonjesha) no kugenzura iyinjira ry'umunyu mu gutanga amazi yo kunywa.

Muri make, chloride igira uruhare mu kuyobora, ariko ubwikorezi ntabwo bwihariye kuri chloride.Niba intumbero ya chloride yiyongereye, ubwikorezi bwose buziyongera.Ariko, niba ubwikorezi bwuzuye bwiyongereye, bishobora guterwa no kwiyongera kwa chloride, sulfate, sodium, cyangwa guhuza kwizindi ion.

Kubwibyo, ubwikorezi bukora nkigikoresho cyingirakamaro cyo gusuzuma (urugero, niba ubwikorezi buri hasi, chloride ishobora kuba mike), ariko kugenzura chloride byumwihariko kubora cyangwa kubigenzura, hagomba gukoreshwa ikizamini cyimiti.