Imyitwarire: Ibisobanuro | Ingano | Ibipimo | Porogaramu
Amashanyarazini kure cyane kuruta igitekerezo kidafatika; ninkingi yibanze yisi yacu ihujwe, ikoresha bucece ibintu byose uhereye kubikoresho bya elegitoroniki bigezweho mumaboko yawe kugeza kuri gride nini yo gukwirakwiza amashanyarazi imurikira imigi yacu.
Kuri ba injeniyeri, abahanga mu bya fiziki, nibikoresho abahanga, cyangwa umuntu wese ushaka kumva imyitwarire yikintu mubyukuri, kumenya neza ibintu ntibishobora kuganirwaho. Ubu buyobozi bwimbitse ntabwo butanga gusa ibisobanuro nyabyo byubwikorezi ahubwo binapakurura akamaro kabwo, bugasuzuma ibintu bigira ingaruka, kandi bugaragaza uburyo bukoreshwa muburyo butandukanye nka semiconductor, siyanse yibintu, nimbaraga zishobora kubaho. Kanda gusa kugirango umenye uburyo gusobanukirwa uyu mutungo wingenzi bishobora guhindura ubumenyi bwawe bwisi yisi.
Imbonerahamwe y'ibirimo:
2. Ibintu bigira ingaruka kumyitwarire
4. Uburyo bwo gupima imyitwarire: Ingano
5. Ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu gupima imyitwarire
6. Gushyira mu bikorwa imyitwarire
Imyitwarire ni iki?
Amashanyarazi (σ) numutungo wibanze ugereranya ubushobozi bwibikoresho byo gushyigikira umuvuduko wamashanyarazi. Byibanze, igena uburyo byoroshye kwishyuza abatwara, cyane cyane electroni yubusa mubyuma, ishobora kunyura mubintu. Ibi byingenzi biranga urufatiro rukomeye rwibikorwa bitabarika kuva microprocessors kugeza ibikorwa remezo byamashanyarazi.
Nkigice cyo kwisubiraho cyumuyoboro, kurwanya amashanyarazi (ρ) ni ukurwanya imigendekere yubu. Kubwibyo,kurwanya bike bihuye neza na neza na neza. Igice mpuzamahanga gisanzwe kuri iki gipimo ni Siemens kuri metero (S / m), nubwo milisiemens kuri santimetero (mS / cm) ikoreshwa muburyo bwo gusesengura imiti n'ibidukikije.
Imyitwarire hamwe no Kurwanya: Abayobora na Insulator
Imyitwarire idasanzwe (σ) isobanura ibikoresho nkabayobora, mugihe bivuzwe ko birwanya (ρ) bibaha insulator nziza. Icyibanze, itandukaniro rinini muburyo bwo gutwara ibintu rituruka kubutandukanye butandukanye bwabatwara mobile.
Umuyoboro mwinshi (Abayobora)
Ibyuma nkumuringa na aluminiyumu byerekana imbaraga nyinshi cyane. Ibi biterwa nuburyo bwa atome, bugaragaza 'inyanja' nini ya electroni yimuka byoroshye bitagabanijwe cyane na atome kugiti cye. Iyi mitungo ituma ari ntangarugero mu gukoresha amashanyarazi, imirongo yohereza amashanyarazi, hamwe n’umurongo w’umuzunguruko mwinshi.
Niba ushishikajwe no kumenya ibikoresho byinshi bitwara amashanyarazi, humura gusoma inyandiko wibanda ku kwerekana amashanyarazi y'ibikoresho byose mubuzima bwawe.
Ubushobozi buke (Insulator)
Ibikoresho nka reberi, ibirahure, nubutaka bizwi nka insulator. Bafite bike kuri electroni yubusa, barwanya cyane kunyura mumashanyarazi. Ibi biranga bituma biba ingenzi kumutekano, kwigunga, no gukumira imiyoboro migufi muri sisitemu zose zamashanyarazi.
Ibintu bigira ingaruka ku myitwarire
Amashanyarazi ni umutungo wibanze, ariko bitandukanye nibitekerezo bisanzwe, ntabwo bihoraho. Ubushobozi bwibikoresho byo kuyobora amashanyarazi birashobora kuba byimbitse kandi byavuzwe ko byatewe nimpinduka zidukikije zo hanze hamwe nubuhanga bwuzuye. Gusobanukirwa nibi bintu ni uburiri bwa elegitoroniki igezweho, ibyumviro, hamwe nikoranabuhanga ryingufu:
1. Uburyo Ibintu byo hanze bigira ingaruka kumyitwarire
Ibidukikije byihutirwa bigira uruhare runini kubigenda byabatwara ibicuruzwa (mubisanzwe electron cyangwa umwobo). Reka tubashakishe birambuye:
1. Ingaruka zubushyuhe: Ingaruka yubushyuhe
Ubushyuhe birashoboka ko aribwo buryo bwo guhindura isi yose kurwanya amashanyarazi no gutwara.
Kubenshi mubyuma byera,ubwikorezi bugabanuka uko ubushyuhe buzamuka. Ingufu zumuriro zitera atome yicyuma (lattice ya kristu) kunyeganyega hamwe na amplitude nini, hanyuma rero, ibyo kunyeganyega kwinshi kwa lattice (cyangwa fonone) byongera inshuro yibintu bitatanye, bikabuza neza kugenda neza kwa electroni ya valence. Iyi phenomenon isobanura impamvu insinga zishyushye zitera gutakaza ingufu.
Ibinyuranye, muri semiconductor na insulator, imiyoboro yiyongera cyane hamwe nubushyuhe bwiyongera. Ingufu zongerewe ingufu zishishikaza electron ziva mumurongo wa valence hejuru yumurongo wa bande no mumashanyarazi, bityo bigatuma umubare munini wabatwara terefone igendanwa kandi bikagabanya cyane guhangana.
2. Imyitozo ya mashini: Uruhare rwumuvuduko numuvuduko
Gukoresha ingufu za mashini birashobora guhindura intera ya atome hamwe na kirisiti yububiko bwibintu, ibyo nabyo bigira ingaruka kumikorere, kandi nikintu gikomeye muburyo bwa sensororo ya piezoresistive.
Mu bikoresho bimwe na bimwe, igitutu gikomeretsa imbaraga za atome hafi, zongerera umurongo wa orbitale ya elegitoronike no koroshya urujya n'uruza rw'abatwara ibicuruzwa, bityo bikongera ubworoherane.
Mubikoresho nka silikoni, kurambura (tensile strain) cyangwa gukanda (compressive strain) birashobora gutondekanya imirongo ya ingufu za electron, bigahindura ubwinshi bwimikorere nogutwara kwabatwara. Ingaruka nyayo ikoreshwa mugupima ibipimo hamwe na transducers.
2. Ukuntu Umwanda Uhindura Imyitwarire
Mu rwego rwa fiziki-ikomeye ya fiziki na microelectronics, igenzura ryanyuma kubintu byamashanyarazi bigerwaho hifashishijwe ubwubatsi, cyane cyane binyuze muri doping.
Doping nigenzurwa cyane ryinjizwa ryinshi rya atome zanduye (mubisanzwe bipimirwa mubice kuri miriyoni) mubintu byera cyane, byimbere, nka silikoni cyangwa germanium.
Iyi nzira ntabwo ihindura imikorere gusa; ihuza muburyo bwubwikorezi bwibikoresho hamwe nibitekerezo kugirango habeho imyitwarire y'amashanyarazi iteganijwe, idasanzwe nkuko bikenewe kubara:
N-Ubwoko bwa Doping (Ibibi)
Kumenyekanisha ikintu gifite electroni nyinshi (urugero, Fosifore cyangwa Arsenic, zifite 5) kuruta ibikoresho byakiriwe (urugero, Silicon, ifite 4). Electron yinyongera itangwa byoroshye mugice cyumuyoboro, bigatuma electron itwara ibintu byambere.
P-Ubwoko bwa Doping (Ibyiza)
Kumenyekanisha ikintu gifite electroni nkeya (urugero, Boron cyangwa Gallium, zifite 3). Ibi birema icyuma cya elegitoroniki, cyangwa 'umwobo,' ikora nk'itwara ryiza.
Ubushobozi bwo kugenzura neza imiyoboro ikoresheje doping ni moteri yigihe cya digitale:
Kubikoresho bya semiconductor, bikoreshwa mugukorap-nihuriro, uturere dukora twa diode na tristoriste, byemerera gutembera kwicyerekezo kimwe gusa kandi bigakorwa nkibintu byingenzi byo guhinduranya ibintu (ICs).
Kubikoresho bya termoelektrike, kugenzura imiyoboro ningirakamaro kugirango habeho kuringaniza ibikenerwa nogutwara amashanyarazi meza (kwimura amafaranga) kurwanya imiyoboro idahwitse yubushyuhe (kugirango igumane ubushyuhe) mubikoresho bikoreshwa mumashanyarazi no gukonjesha.
Duhereye ku buryo bunoze bwo kwiyumvisha ibintu, ibikoresho birashobora gukopororwa cyangwa guhindurwa mu buryo bwa shimi kugira ngo habeho chemiresistors, imitekerereze yazo ihinduka cyane iyo ihujwe na gaze cyangwa molekile yihariye, bikaba ishingiro ryibyuma byangiza imiti.
Gusobanukirwa no kugenzura neza imiyoboro ikomeza kuba ingenzi mu guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga rizakurikiraho, kwemeza imikorere myiza, no gukora neza muri buri gice cya siyanse n’ubuhanga.
Ibice byimikorere
Igice gisanzwe cya SI kubitwara ni Siemens kuri metero (S / m). Nyamara, mubice byinshi byinganda na laboratoire, Siemens kuri santimetero (S / cm) nigice gisanzwe. Kuberako indangagaciro zitwara ibintu zishobora gutondekanya ubunini, ibipimo bigaragazwa hakoreshejwe prefixes:
1.
2. MilliSiemens kuri santimetero (mS / cm) isanzwe kumazi ya robine, gutunganya amazi, cyangwa ibisubizo byoroshye.(1 mS / cm = 1.000 μS / cm).
3. deciSiemens kuri metero (dS / m) ikoreshwa kenshi mubuhinzi kandi ihwanye na mS / cm (1 dS / m = 1 mS / cm).
Uburyo bwo gupima imyitwarire: Ingano
Ametero yimikorerentabwo apima neza. Ahubwo, ipima imyitwarire (muri Siemens) hanyuma ikabara ububobere ikoresheje sensor yihariye ya Cell Constant (K). Ihoraho (hamwe nibice bya cm-1) ni umutungo wumubiri wa sensor ya geometrie. Igikoresho cyibanze kubara ni:
Imyitwarire (S / cm) = Imyitwarire yapimwe (S) × Akagari gahoraho (K, muri cm⁻¹)
Uburyo bwakoreshejwe kugirango ubone iki gipimo biterwa no gusaba. Uburyo bukunze kugaragara burimo kuvugana na (Potentiometric) sensor, ikoresha electrode (akenshi grafite cyangwa ibyuma bidafite ingese) zihura namazi. Igishushanyo cyoroshye cya 2-electrode ningirakamaro kubikorwa bito-bitwara amazi meza. Byateye imbere 4-electrodeRukuruzigutangaubunyangamugayo buhanitse murwego rwagutse kandi ntibushobora kwibasirwa namakosa aturutse kuri electrode yoroheje.
Kubisubizo bikaze, byangirika, cyangwa byayobora cyane aho electrode yaba yangiza cyangwa ikangirika, sensor ya inductive (Toroidal) iza gukina. Izi sensor zidahuye ziranga ibice bibiri-bikomeretsa bikubiye muri polymer iramba. Igiceri kimwe gitera umuyagankuba w'amashanyarazi mugisubizo, naho igiceri cya kabiri gipima ubunini bwuyu muyoboro, ugereranije nubushobozi bwamazi. Igishushanyo kirakomeye cyane kuko nta bice byicyuma bihura nibikorwa.
Ibipimo by'imyitwarire n'ubushyuhe
Ibipimo byimikorere biterwa cyane nubushyuhe. Mugihe ubushyuhe bwamazi bwiyongera, ion zayo zigenda zigendanwa, bigatuma imiyoboro yapimwe izamuka (akenshi na ~ 2% kuri ° C). Kugirango ibipimo bibe impamo kandi bigereranywa, bigomba kuba bisanzwe mubushyuhe busanzwe, buri kwisi yose25 ° C..
Ibipimo bya kijyambere bigezweho bikora ikosora mu buryo bwikora ukoresheje anbyahujweubushyuhesensor. Iyi nzira, izwi nka Automatic Temperature Indishyi (ATC), ikoresha algorithm yo gukosora (nka formulaire y'umurongoG 25 = G_t / [1 + α (T-25)]) gutanga raporo nkaho yapimwe kuri 25 ° C.
Aho:
G₂₅= Gukosora neza kuri 25 ° C;
G_t= Umuyoboro muto wapimwe ku bushyuhe bwibikorwaT;
T= Ubushyuhe bwapimwe ubushyuhe (muri ° C);
α (alpha)= Coefficient yubushyuhe bwumuti (urugero, 0.0191 cyangwa 1.91% / ° C kubisubizo bya NaCl).
Gupima imyitwarire hamwe n'amategeko ya Ohm
Amategeko ya Ohm, ibuye rikomeza imfuruka yubumenyi bwamashanyarazi, atanga urwego rufatika rwo kugereranya ibikoresho byamashanyarazi (σ). Iri hamerishyiraho isano itaziguye hagati ya voltage (V), ikigezweho (I), hamwe no guhangana (R). Mu kwagura iri tegeko kugirango ushiremo ibintu bifatika bya geometrike, imiyoboro yabyo irashobora kuboneka.
Intambwe yambere nugukurikiza amategeko ya Ohm (R = V / I) kurugero rwihariye. Ibi bisaba gufata ibipimo bibiri byukuri: voltage ikoreshwa kurugero hamwe numuyoboro unyuramo nkigisubizo. Umubare w'izi ndangagaciro zombi utanga icyitegererezo cyo kurwanya amashanyarazi yose. Uku kubarwa kubarwa, ariko, kugereranywa nubunini bwikitegererezo. Kugirango ushobore guha agaciro agaciro no kumenya ibikoresho byihariye, umuntu agomba kubara ibipimo bifatika.
Ibintu bibiri bikomeye bya geometrike ni urugero rw'uburebure bw'icyitegererezo (L) n'akarere kayo (A). Ibi bintu byinjijwe muburyo bumwe: σ = L / (R ^ A).
Iri gereranya risobanura neza umutungo wapimwe, uturuka hanze wokurwanya mubintu byibanze, byimbere byimikorere. Nibyingenzi kumenya ko kubara kwanyuma kwukuri guterwa nubwiza bwamakuru yambere. Amakosa yose yubushakashatsi mugupima V, I, L, cyangwa A azahungabanya agaciro k'imikorere yabazwe.
Ibikoresho Byakoreshejwe Gupima Imyitwarire
Mu kugenzura inganda, gutunganya amazi, no gukora imiti, imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi ntabwo ari igipimo gusa; ni ikintu gikomeye cyo kugenzura. Kugera kumakuru yukuri, asubirwamo ntabwo ava mubikoresho bimwe, byose-bigamije. Ahubwo, bisaba kubaka sisitemu yuzuye, ihuye aho buri kintu cyatoranijwe kumurimo runaka.
Sisitemu yimikorere ikomeye igizwe nibice bibiri byibanze: umugenzuzi (ubwonko) hamwe na sensor (ibyumviro), byombi bigomba gushyigikirwa na kalibrasi ikwiye nindishyi.
1. Ibyingenzi: Umugenzuzi w'imyitwarire
Hagati ya sisitemu niikumurongoumugenzuzi, ikora ibirenze kwerekana agaciro gusa. Uyu mugenzuzi akora nk '“ubwonko,” akoresha sensor, gutunganya ibimenyetso bibisi, kandi bigatuma amakuru agira akamaro. Ibikorwa byingenzi byingenzi birimo ibi bikurikira:
Compens Indishyi zidasanzwe (ATC)
Imyitwarire yunvikana cyane n'ubushyuhe. Umugenzuzi winganda, nkaSUP-TDS210-Bcyangwa iByuzuyeSUP-EC8.0, ikoresha ubushyuhe bwubushyuhe bwo guhita ikosora buri gisomwa gisubira kuri 25 ° C. Ibi ni ngombwa kugirango bisobanuke neza.
Ibisubizo n'ibimenyesha
Ibi bice bihindura ibipimo mubimenyetso bya 4-20mA kuri PLC, cyangwa imbarutso yo gutabaza no kugenzura pompe.
Inter Imigaragarire
Umugenzuzi yagizwe na software ya software kugirango ikore bisanzwe, byoroshye kalibrasi.
2. Guhitamo Sensor Iburyo
Igice gikomeye cyane ni amahitamo uhitamo kubyerekeranye na sensor (cyangwa probe), kuko tekinoroji yayo igomba guhuza nibintu byamazi yawe. Gukoresha sensor itari yo niyo ya mbere itera kunanirwa gupima.
Kuri Amazi meza & RO Sisitemu (Umuyoboro muke)
Kubisabwa nka revers osmose, amazi ya deionised, cyangwa amazi yo kugaburira, amazi arimo ion nke cyane. Hano, ibyuma bibiri bya electrode ikora (nkaiSUP-TDS7001) ni amahitamo mezatoigipimoamazi meza. Igishushanyo cyacyo gitanga ibyiyumvo bihanitse kandi byukuri kuri uru rwego rwo hasi.
Kubikorwa rusange & Amazi Yimyanda (Hagati-Kuri-Umuyoboro mwinshi)
Mu bisubizo byanduye, birimo ibintu byahagaritswe cyangwa bifite intera nini yo gupimwa (nk'amazi mabi, amazi ya robine, cyangwa gukurikirana ibidukikije), sensor ikunda gukora nabi. Mubihe nkibi, ibyuma bine bya electrode ikora nkaiSUP-TDS7002 ni igisubizo cyiza. Igishushanyo ntigishobora kwibasirwa nubwubatsi hejuru ya electrode, itanga ubugari bwagutse, buhamye, kandi bwizewe bwo gusoma mubihe bitandukanye.
Kuri Shimi Zikomeye & Slurries (Agressive & High Conductivity)
Iyo upimye itangazamakuru rikaze, nka acide, shingiro, cyangwa ibishishwa byangiza, electrode yicyuma gakondo izangirika kandi ikananirwa vuba. Igisubizo nikintu kidahuza inductive (toroidal) sensor sensor nkaiSUP-TDS6012umurongo. Iyi sensor ikoresha ibiceri bibiri bifunze kugirango itere kandi ipime umuyaga uri mumazi nta gice na kimwe cya sensor ikoraho. Ibi bituma birinda kwangirika, kubeshya, no kwambara.
3. Inzira: Kureba neza igihe kirekire
Sisitemu yo kwizerwa ikomezwa binyuze munzira imwe ikomeye: kalibrasi. Umugenzuzi na sensor, nubwo byateye imbere gute, bigomba kugenzurwa kuri abizwiIndanganturoigisubizo(ibipimo ngenderwaho) kugirango tumenye neza. Iyi nzira yishyura sensor ntoya iyo ari yo yose cyangwa ikosa mugihe. Umugenzuzi mwiza, nkaiSUP-TDS210-C, ikora ibi byoroshye, menu-itwara inzira.
Kugera ku bipimo nyabyo byo gupima ni ikibazo cya sisitemu yubwenge. Birasaba guhuza umugenzuzi wubwenge hamwe na sensor ya tekinoroji yubatswe kubikorwa byawe byihariye.
Nibihe bikoresho byiza byo kuyobora amashanyarazi?
Ibikoresho byiza byo kuyobora amashanyarazi ni feza isukuye (Ag), yirata amashanyarazi menshi yibintu byose. Nyamara, igiciro cyacyo kinini hamwe nogushaka kwanduza (okiside) bigabanya gukoreshwa kwinshi. Kubikorwa byinshi bifatika, umuringa (Cu) nibisanzwe, kuko itanga icya kabiri cyiza cyiza ku giciro gito cyane kandi kirahinduka cyane, bigatuma biba byiza, insinga, moteri, na transformateur.
Ku rundi ruhande, zahabu (Au), nubwo ititwara neza kurusha ifeza n'umuringa, ni ingenzi muri elegitoroniki kugira ngo imenyekanishe, ifite ingufu nkeya kuko ifite imbaraga zo kurwanya ruswa (inertness chimique), irinda kwangirika kw'ibimenyetso mu gihe runaka.
Hanyuma, aluminiyumu (Al) ikoreshwa mumirongo miremire, yumurongo wa voltage mwinshi kuko uburemere bwayo nigiciro gito bitanga inyungu zingenzi, nubwo ubushobozi bwayo buke ugereranije numuringa.
Gushyira mu bikorwa
Nubushobozi bwibikoresho byogukwirakwiza amashanyarazi, amashanyarazi ni umutungo wibanze utwara ikoranabuhanga. Ikoreshwa ryayo ririmo ibintu byose uhereye kubikorwa remezo binini byamashanyarazi kugeza kuri elegitoroniki nini no gukurikirana ibidukikije. Hano haribikorwa byingenzi byingenzi aho uyu mutungo ari ngombwa:
Imbaraga, Ibyuma bya elegitoroniki, ninganda
Umuyoboro mwinshi nicyo gitanda cyisi yamashanyarazi, mugihe imiyoboro igenzurwa ningirakamaro mubikorwa byinganda.
Gukwirakwiza Amashanyarazi
Ibikoresho bitwara ibintu byinshi nkumuringa na aluminium nibisanzwe byogukoresha amashanyarazi hamwe numurongo muremure w'amashanyarazi. Kurwanya kwabo kugabanya I.2R (Joule) igihombo cyo gushyushya, kwemeza kohereza ingufu neza.
Ibyuma bya elegitoroniki na Semiconductor
Kurwego ruciriritse, ibimenyetso byayobora kubibaho byacapwe (PCBs) hamwe nabahuza bakora inzira yibimenyetso. Muri semiconductor, imiyoboro ya silicon ikoreshwa neza (ikoreshwa) kugirango ikore tristoriste, ishingiro ryumuzunguruko wose ugezweho.
Amashanyarazi
Uyu murima ushingiye kuri ionic conducivite ya electrolytike. Iri hame ni moteri ya bateri, selile, ninganda zinganda nka electroplating, gutunganya ibyuma, no gukora chlorine.
Ibikoresho
Kuzuza ibintu (nka karubone cyangwa ibyuma bya fibre) byongewe kuri polymers kugirango bikore ibintu bifite imiterere yihariye yamashanyarazi. Ibi bikoreshwa mugukingira amashanyarazi (EMI) kurinda ibikoresho byoroshye no kurinda amashanyarazi (ESD) kurinda inganda.
Gukurikirana, gupima, no gusuzuma
Igipimo cyimyitwarire ningirakamaro nkumutungo ubwawo, ukora nkigikoresho gikomeye cyo gusesengura.
Ubwiza bw'amazi no gukurikirana ibidukikije
Gupima neza nuburyo bwambere bwo gusuzuma ubwiza bwamazi nubunyu. Kuva gushonga ionic solide (TDS) kongera ubworoherane, sensor ikoreshwa mugukurikirana amazi yo kunywa,gucungaamazi mabikwivuza, no gusuzuma ubuzima bwubutaka mu buhinzi.
Gusuzuma Ubuvuzi
Umubiri wumuntu ukora kubimenyetso bya bioelectrical. Tekinoroji yubuvuzi nka Electrocardiography (ECG) na Electroencephalography (EEG) ikora mugupima umunota w'amashanyarazi akorwa na ion mumubiri, bigatuma hasuzumwa indwara z'umutima na neurologiya.
Igenzura ry'imikorere
Muri chimiquenaibiryoinganda, ibyuma bifata ibyuma bikoreshwa mugukurikirana inzira mugihe nyacyo. Barashobora gutahura impinduka mumitekerereze, kumenya intera iri hagati yamazi atandukanye (urugero, muri sisitemu isukuye-ahantu), cyangwa kuburira umwanda no kwanduza.
Ibibazo
Q1: Ni irihe tandukaniro riri hagati yimyitwarire no kurwanya?
Igisubizo: Imikorere (σ) nubushobozi bwibikoresho byo kwemerera amashanyarazi, apimirwa muri Siemens kuri metero (S / m). Kurwanya (ρ) nubushobozi bwayo bwo kurwanya ikigezweho, gipimirwa muri Ohm-metero (Ω⋅m). Nibisubirwamo byimibare (σ = 1 / ρ).
Q2: Kuki ibyuma bifite ubushobozi bwo hejuru?
Igisubizo: Ibyuma bifashisha guhuza ibyuma, aho electroni ya valence idahambiriye kuri atom imwe. Ibi bigize "inyanja ya electron" itandukanijwe igenda mu bwisanzure binyuze mu bikoresho, byoroshye gukora umuyagankuba iyo hakoreshejwe ingufu.
Q3: Imikorere irashobora guhinduka?
Igisubizo: Yego, imiyoboro yunvikana cyane kumiterere yo hanze. Ibintu bikunze kugaragara cyane ni ubushyuhe (izamuka ryubushyuhe rigabanya umuvuduko wibyuma ariko ukongera mumazi) no kuba hari umwanda (uhungabanya umuvuduko wa electron mubyuma cyangwa ukongeramo ion mumazi).
Q4: Niki gituma ibikoresho nka reberi hamwe nikirahure insulator nziza?
Igisubizo: Ibi bikoresho bifite covalent ikomeye cyangwa ionic ihuza aho electron zose za valence zifatirwa cyane. Niba nta electroni yubusa yimuka, ntishobora gushyigikira amashanyarazi. Ibi bizwi nko kugira "intera nini cyane".
Q5: Ni gute ubushobozi bwo gupimwa mu mazi?
Igisubizo: Imetero ipima ionic itwara imyunyu yashonze. Iperereza ryayo ikoresha ingufu za AC mumazi, bigatuma ion zishonga (nka Na + cyangwa Cl−) zigenda zikarema umuyaga. Imetero ipima ubu, ihita ikosora ubushyuhe, kandi ikoresha sensor ya "selile ihoraho" kugirango itange agaciro kanyuma (mubisanzwe muri μS / cm).
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukwakira-24-2025